Memory and I/O - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit V: Memory and I/O
Memories that consists of circuits capable of retaining their state as long as power is applied are known as static memories. These are Random Access Memory (RAM) and hence combinely called static RAM memories.
Memory and I/O - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit V: Memory and I/O
Ideally, computer memory should be fast, large and inexpensive. Unfortunately, it is impossible to meet all the three of these requirements using one type of memory.
Memory and I/O - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit V: Memory and I/O
Memories are made up of registers. Each register in the memory is one storage location also called memory location.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
The complete instruction cycle involves three operations: Instruction fetching, opcode decoding and instruction execution.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
To reduce the effect of cache miss or branch penalty, many processors employ sophisticated fetch units that can fetch instructions before they are needed and put them in a queue.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
A simple hardware technique which can handle data hazard is called operand forwarding or register by passing. In this technique, ALU results are fed back as ALU inputs.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
The usually pipeline processor consists of a sequence of m data processing circuits, called elements, stages or segments.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
We have seen various cycles involved in the instruction cycle. These fetch, decode and execute cycles for several instructions are performed simultaneously to reduce overall processing time. This process is referred to as instruction pipelining.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
Compare hardwired control unit with microprogrammed control unit.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
Every instruction in a processor is implemented by a sequence of one or more sets of concurrent microoperations. Each microoperation is associated with a specific set of control lines which, when activated, causes that microoperation to take place.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
In the hardwired control, the control units use fixed logic circuits to interpret instructions and generate control signals from them.
Processor - Digital Principles and Computer Organization
Subject and UNIT: Digital Principles and Computer Organization: Unit IV: Processor
Here, we restrict ourselves to implement load word (lw), store word (sw), branch equal (beq), and the arithmetic-logical instructions add, sub, AND, OR, and set on less than. We will also the design to include a jump instruction (j).